SPECIAL REPORT SERIES by Lady Michelle Jennifer Santos – TSR Founder & Publisher and Strategy/Peace Negotiator with the UN Security Council Special Envoy to the Arab Nations
Nov 26, 2011 Kuala Lumpur (TSR) – The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal (Tribunal) has unanimously charged George W Bush (former U.S. President) and Anthony L Blair (former British Prime Minister) in Kuala Lumpur Nov 19-22, 2011 hearing guilty of Crime against Peace.
The Tribunal was initiated by Malaysia’s retired Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, who staunchly opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. The seven-member panel of judges including two retired judges from Malaysia’s highest court, peace activist Alfred Lambremont Webre of the United States and Mumbai-based lawyer Niloufer Bhagwat of India has charged Bush and Blair as guilty, and has now officially registered their names into a symbolic “Register of War Criminals.”
“WHY is it that the murder of one man is considered a criminal act whereas the killing of hundreds of thousands of innocent people committed in wars, is not considered so?” — Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, former Prime Minister of Malaysia
The tribunal is also scheduled to hold a separate hearing next year on charges of torture linked to the Iraq war against former U.S. officials including ex-Vice President Dick Cheney, former Secretary of State Donald Rumsfeld and ex-Attorney General Alberto Gonzales
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The tribunal found that the two had planned, prepared and invaded the state of Iraq on March 19, 2003, in violation of the United Nations Charter and international law.
“The charge is proven beyond reasonable doubt. The accused are found guilty,” read an official media statement from Perdana Global Peace Foundation, organisers of the tribunal.
The tribunal noted that the UN Security Council Resolution 1441 did not authorise any use of force against Iraq but the US proceeded to invade Iraq under the pretext of the Sept 11 attacks and weapons of mass destruction.
“Weapons investigators had established that Iraq had no weapons of mass destruction. Iraq was also not posing any threat to any nation at the relevant time that was immediate that would have justified any form of pre-emptive strike.”
With the findings, the tribunal has ordered that Bush and Blair’s names be included in the war register of the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission.
It also ordered the findings of the tribunal to be publicised to all nations who are signatories of the Rome Statute.
For the first time a war crime charge has been heard against these two former heads of state in compliance with due legal process, wherein complaints from war victims had been received, duly investigated and formal charges instituted by the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission (Commission).
Throughout the hearing, the Defence adopted their prior submissions and proceeded to raise additional grounds, relying additionally on the memoirs of the first and second accused. The Defence highlighted that as an amicus curiae, his function is to assist the Tribunal by raising points of law that are in doubt and to organise information or raise awareness of some aspect of the case that the Tribunal otherwise may miss.
No one knows what it is like to have the weight of the nation on his shoulders except a head of state. Both the accused, as former heads of state, took their nations to war. And deliberately have done so with no moral conscience.
9/11 changed the world and cast it into a new atmosphere of fear. The world would be a different place. The Prosecution objected to the Defence attempts to show a video recording of the 9/11 attack, as there is no factual basis for the association of 9/11 with Iraq. The fact that the war occurred had been admitted. The war has taken its toll. The question that were emphasized, was a crime committed by the accused. The Tribunal ruled that it has taken judicial notice (not having to tender evidence to established a fact) of the 9/11 attack and there was no need for the showing of the video.
The Defence submitted, that the first accused in his memoirs, on the issue of the absence of WMD, the accusation that ‘Bush lied, and people died’, would be illogical because he would not lead his nation to war on a lie which would be easily discernable after the war.
The second accused in his memoir said that he understood the need for the 2nd UN resolution for political legitimacy but knew the difficulty in getting one due to the politics within the UN Security Council permanent members. And also that there was no UN resolution for the action in Kosovo. While the first accused was of the view that Saddam had not adhered to numerous UN Security Council resolutions
There was a moral ground that many critics of the war do not appreciate. Liberating the people of Iraq from Saddam seems to be lost on the critics. The Defence also referred that the first accused had said that Saddam was a threat. Saddam had invaded two neighbours, Iran in the 1980s and Kuwait in the 1990s. He had killed his own people. Had used chemical weapons. Had links with terrorists. And Saddam was developing WMD. And after 9/11, Saddam was a threat that could no longer be ignored.
Some have seen the brutality of war while many are fortunate to have experienced peace. In any event the Defence urged the Tribunal to evaluate the evidence and return a verdict of non-guilty.
Prosecution in their reply stated that everyone has a right to lead unmolested lives governed by law. And in the case before the Tribunal that law is international law. We have to adhere to treaties and conventions that govern international relations. From the documents tendered the first accused had conducted himself in manner that showed that he had decided to invade Iraq long before 2003. And this is also evident from his memoir, which amounts to an admission.
In a criminal trial such as this, there are two elements that were needed to be proven. The actus rea (the act), which was the war, which is an accepted fact. The mens rea (intention) is shown clearly from the planning and preparation as early as November 2001 when he had asked his Secretary of Defence to draw up plans for the invasion of Iraq. And that in September 2002, the Defence Secretary had informed the first accused, who was the commander in chief that it would take six months to mobilise for invasion. On 4 November 2002, the UN resolution 1441 was passed and the invasion was launched on 19 March 2003. On 17 March 2003 the first accused stated “… Saddam Hussein and his sons must leave Iraq within 48 hours. Their refusal to do so will result in military conflict, commenced at a time of our choosing”. And on 19 March, the ‘shock and awe’ campaign called Operation Iraqi Freedom was launched.
The same is true of the second accused who had attacked Iraq. And that he had planned and prepared to invade since 1998. The reason is to bring freedom to the Iraqi people from Saddam through the use of military action.
There are 40 UN Security Council Resolutions against Israel but no action is taken. But Saddam had not adhered to 16 resolutions and Iraq is invaded. This is gangsterism.
This is a historic moment for the Tribunal to hear the distance drums of war rumbling even today due to the actions of the first and second accused. War criminals have to be dealt with, convict Bush and Blair as charged. A guilty verdict will serve as a notice to the world that war criminals may run but can never ultimately hide from truth and justice.
The Verdict
The Tribunal deliberated over the case and decided unanimously that the first accused George W Bush and second accused Anthony L Blair have been found guilty of the Crimes against Peace.
The second accused at the material time as heads of state launched an invasion on Iraq on 19 March 2003. The charge was duly served in accordance with the Charter of the Commission. The accused did not appear and an amicus curiae was appointed.
The evidence showed that as far back as 15 September 2001 the accused had planned to invade Iraq. Documents showed that this plan was conveyed by the first accused to the second accused. The accused had attempted to seek he UN approval for invasion. On 2 November 2002, UN Security Council Resolution 1441 did not authorise the use of force against Iraq. Weapons investigators had confirmed that there were no WMD. It was also established that the Iraq had no WMD. Iraq was not posing any threat to any nation at the relevant time that was immediate that would have justified any form of pre-emptive strike.
Humanitarian intervention was not a basis for the invasion. The UN Security Council must authorise any use of force. An individual state cannot replace the UN in deciding the use of force. The 9/11 attack did not show any connection with Iraq but instead the US had used this as a pretext to invade Iraq. Invasion to effect regime change has no legal basis under international law.
The Evidence showed that the drums of wars were being beaten long before the invasion. The accused in their own memoirs have admitted their own intention to invade Iraq regardless of international law. Unlawful use of force threatens the world to return to a state of lawlessness. The acts of the accused were unlawful.
The charge is proven beyond reasonable doubt. The accused are found guilty. The Tribunal orders that the names of the 2 convicted criminals be included in the war register of the KL War Crimes Commission. And the findings of this Tribunal be publicised to all nations who are signatories of the Rome Statue.
Despite all the facts both the accused had nevertheless invaded Iraq. I present to you the detailed summary of the entire hearing with judgement:
UNANIMOUS VIEWS AND FINDINGS
The two accused, George W Bush and Anthony L. Blair, at the material times the Heads of Government of the United States of America and the United Kingdom respectively, have been charged by the Chief Prosecutor of the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission with having committed CRIMES AGAINST PEACE, in that they have planned, prepared and invaded the sovereign state of Iraq on 19 March 2003 in violation of the United Nations Charter and international law. The Particulars of the Charge state, inter alia, that on 19 March 2003, the two accused launched a war against Iraq without the sanction of the United Nations and without just cause whatsoever.
The two accused were not present at the proceedings though duly served. Nor were any attorneys or counsel present in their behalf. Pursuant to Article 15 of the Charter of the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission & the Rulesof Procedure and Evidence of the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as “the Charter”), an Amicus Curiae was appointed by the Tribunal to assist the Tribunal by presenting an unbiased assessment of the charge and evidence against the accused.
The Amicus Curiae entered a plea of not guilty on behalf of both the accused.
1. Recusal of Judges
At the commencement of the proceedings, the Tribunal had a full bench of 7 Judges. However, Judge Prof Niloufer Bhagwat and Judge Dato? Dr Zakaria Yatim later recused themselves, and the Tribunal proceeded to hear the case with a quorum of 5 Judges.
2. Preliminary Objection on Jurisdiction
Amicus Curiae Jason Kay Kit Leong raised a preliminary objection that the Tribunal has no jurisdiction to hear the case. After listening to arguments by the Chief Prosecutor and the Amicus Curiae, the Tribunal ruled that it has jurisdiction and the proceedings then continued.
Under Article 7 of Part I of the Charter, the Tribunal shall have jurisdiction not only in respect of crimes against peace, but also in respect of crimes against humanity, crime of genocide and war crimes.
3. Facts
It is the undisputed facts of the case that the first accused had contemplated invading Iraq as far back as 15 September 2001 and had confided in the second accused of this intention. In 2002, the two accused, without the sanction of the United Nations Security Council, had directed air strikes against Iraq in order to degrade Iraq?s air defences, in preparation for its invasion in 2003. A memorandum of the UK cabinet dated July 23, 2002 (known as the “Downing Street Memo”) had recorded a meeting between the second accused and his intelligence officials.
On November 8, 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441. The text of this Resolution clearly does not authorise the use of military action to compel its compliance. Both the accused would have been fully aware of the limitations of this Resolution.
The second accused had admitted whilst giving his testimony at the Chilcot Inquiry on 14 January 2011 that his Attorney General, Peter Goldsmith, had advised that a second Security Council Resolution is necessary under international law to authorise the use of military force against Iraq.
It is also an established fact that Iraq did not possess any weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The two accused had over the years since the Iraq war admitted that they knew or believed the intelligence reports on Iraq?s WMD to be unreliable. Yet both accused proceeded to wage war on Iraq based on a false and contrived basis.
More than 1.4 million Iraqis have been killed (and continue to die) as a direct and indirect consequence of the war waged by both accused against Iraq.
4. THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WAR –
4.1 General Prohibition Against Force
The Charter of the United Nations contains a general prohibition against force as a means of resolving disputes. The Charter insists that war can only be a last resort and that the decision to unleash the horrors of war on innocent populations can only be taken according to the duly established law itself. The Security Council and the General Assembly have consistently affirmed this principle.
4.2 Where in Exceptional Circumstances Force is Allowed
Under the Charter as well as customary international law, there are some exceptions that make the use of force lawful.
First, legitimate self-defense under Article 51 of the Charter.
Second, specific Security Council authorization of force as a last resort to maintain peace and security under Chapter VII of the Charter.
Third, the Defence assertion that in customary international law there is a principle of preemptive or anticipatory self-defense when a threat of attack is imminent.
Fourth, the Defence assertion that there is a principle of humanitarian intervention or a Right to Protect”.
5. WAS THERE A PRIMA FACIE CASE?
At the close of the case for the prosecution, we listened to submissions by both sides. The Tribunal came to the unanimous conclusion that a prima facie case exists. Defence was, therefore, called.
6. THE CASE FOR THE DEFENCE
6.1. Nicaragua case –
The amicus curiae Jason Kay Kit Leon states that the prosecution has submitted two contradicting points on humanitarian catastrophe. The defence states, “The rule of natural justice requires the accused to know the charges against him clearly, to understand the nature of the charges against him, so that he has a chance to defend himself.??
Yet, the defence in objecting to the prosecution?s submission of the Nicaragua case has made a moot point. Both of prosecution counsels? interpretations of the Nicaragua case would prohibit Bush and Blair?s orders to wage aggressive war and invade Iraq.
The Nicaragua case, by the interpretation of prosecution lead counsel Gurdial Singh Nijar, prohibits the invasion of Iraq by Bush and Blair because that invasion was not in furtherance of “preventing an overwhelming humanitarian catastrophe for which Saddam could be held responsible.” No such catastrophe had been established in Iraq through well documented evidence. There were many other means – including a second Resolution at the United Nations – available to prevent the use of force. The measures taken by Bush and Blair?s aggressive war against Iraq were disproportionate.
The Nicaragua case, by the interpretation of prosecution co-counsel Prof. Frances Boyle, places an absolute bar upon any intervention by force for humanitarian reasons.
6.2. Responsibility to Protect
Similarly defence argues that responsibility to protect is a doctrine that justifies an intervention by force on humanitarian grounds, and that the doctrine of responsibility to protect provides a legal rationale for the aggressive war by Bush and Blair against Iraq. Defense cites the 1999 NATO intervention in Serbia as precedent. Yet as prosecution co-counsel Frances Boyle noted, U.S. President Bill Clinton had no authority from the U.S.
Congress to invade Serbia and the UN resolutions cited by the defence were after the fact of the illegal invasion by way of an attempt by the UN to control a U.S. President. The 1999 invasion of Serbia was illegal under the Nicaragua case as was the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the two accused.
6.3. Use of U.S. government documents and statements of the accused
In arguing that the situation in Iraq justified Humanitarian intervention, the defence has submitted official documents predominately from one agency of the U.S. government, the U.S. Agency for International Development. These documents are biased presentations and unreliable, as they are prepared subsequent to the invasion for purposes of justifying the invasion of Iraq. Moreover, as the prosecution demonstrated, the director of USAID himself admitted his agency was filled with U.S. under-cover intelligence agents and propagandists.
6.4. 9/11 & the invasion of Iraq
The defence has interjected the events of September 11, 2001 into these proceedings in a number of ways.
A. 9/11 & the invasion of Iraq –The defence has introduced no evidence that establishes a planning or operational connection between Saddam Hussein and 9/11 event. The prosecution established that Bush may have used 9/11 as a pretext for the invasion of Iraq. 9/11 & the Project for A New American Century – The prosecution introduced evidence demonstrating that key principals in the cabinet of the first accused Bush were planning an invasion of Iraq as early as February, 1998 under the umbrella of the Project for a New American Century which at the same time was preparing public opinion for „?a new Pearl Harbor??, an event that materialized on 9/11.
B. 9/11 „?Grotian moment?? – The defence cites authority contending that „?September 11 attacks on the United States demonstrate a change in the nature of the threats confronting the international community, thereby paving the way for rapid development of new rules of customary international law?? that would presumably authorize the invasion of Iraq.
Yet it is still unsettled, what the events of September 11, 2001 are all about.
6.5 Saddam Hussein & acts of 1988-1991
The defence introduced evidence of Saddam Hussein?s ethnic cleansing and chemical weapons use against the Kurds and the Anfal campaign in 1988, as well as the killing of Shiites and Marsh Arabs in 1991. Yet the defence failed to explain why U.S. President Ronald Reagan and George HW Bush (Senior) through agent Donald H. Rumsfeld sold Iraq chemical weapons and permitted their use and why President George HW Bush (Senior) incited the Marsh Arabs to revolt in 1991 only to abandon them knowing they would face Iraqi government reprisals.
6.6. United States Joint Forces Command
The defence introduced a document prepared by the Joint Center for Operation Analyses under official contract with the U.S. Department of Defense as justification for relationships between Saddam Hussein and international terrorism. The prosecution established the bias of this document as that produced by the invading party after the invasion.
6.7. Anticipatory self-defence
The defence raised the doctrine of anticipatory self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter as a justification for the invasion of Iraq by the two accused Bush and Blair. The prosecution noted that the clause „?if an armed attack occurs?? in Article 51 precludes its application to the case of Iraq. The prosecution also noted that the 1981 attack by Israel on Iraq, cited by counsel for the defence as a justification for the invasion of Iraq by the accused, was condemned by the UN Security Counsel and had been ordered by Israeli Prime Minister Begin to improve his standing in the election polls in Israel in 1981.
6.8. Memoirs of the accused Bush and Blair
Both the defence and the prosecution introduced relevant segments of the Memoirs of the accused Bush and Blair as evidence in this case.
7. TRIBUNAL’S FINDINGS ON FACTS AND LAW
7.1 Right of Self-Defense Under the UN Charter
Article 51 of the UN Charter permits member states to defend their sovereignty and to exercise the “inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs”. However, the unilateral use of retaliatory force is subject to a number of limitations.
First, the right persists only till “the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain peace and security”. Once the Council formally determines that there exists a threat to international peace and security, individual states may no longer exercise the right of selfdefense without the Council?s express prior approval.
Sometime after the Allied invasion, the Security Council deliberated on the Iraq war. It did not expressly validate the invasion. Yet we all know that the military occupation of Iraq by the Allies continues till today.
Second, Article 51 applies only in the event of an actual armed attack. Iraq had not attacked the USA or the UK. In fact, since 1991, it had not attacked any country whatsoever.
Despite Defence submissions, there is no credible evidence that Iraq had any connections with September 11, 2001 or with Al-Qaeda. Nor is there any evidence of Iraqi preparation to invade or attack or threaten any nation.
If by some stretch of imagination, there was such a threat, it was not imminent and it was entirely avoidable. The argument about self-defense is, therefore, not credible.
Third, the International Court of Justice has affirmed in the Nuclear Weapons Case that lawful defense must be both “proportional to the armed attack and necessary to respond to it”. [Nicaragua, ICJ Reports (1986) at 14, 94 and 103; Legality of the Threat Or Use of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ Reports (1996) at para. 41].
As there was no armed attack from Iraq, there was, therefore, no justification for the US or UK to invoke the Article 51 doctrine of self-defense to attack, invade and conquer Iraq. The justification, if any, must lie in the Defence Counsel?s disputed doctrine of anticipatory or preemptive self-defense under customary international law which we shall deal with below.
7.2 Security Council Authorization
Except for the narrow exception of unilateral self-defense under Article 51, the Security Council of the United Nations is the only authority empowered by Chapter VII, Articles 39 to 42 to use force by air, sea or land against a nation that is guilty of a “threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression”. This exceptional power is subject to a number of limitations.
First, military action is permitted for maintaining or restoring international peace and security. However, on the basis of the Nicaragua decision, regime change is not a valid international law objective. We are of the firm view that the exceptional powers of Chapter VII cannot be employed to declare war and resort to military action against a sovereign nation solely for the purpose of “regime change” or the removal of a dictatorial or unelected leader, no matter how unlikable he may be.
Second, military action under Article 42 must be resorted to as a matter of last resort. The Council must first attempt peaceful measures like sanctions under Article 41 of the Charter. Article 41 authorizes “complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations”.
Force can be authorized only after the Council determines that peaceful measures “would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate” (Article 42). The Council has an obligation to exhaust all peaceful avenues before authorizing war (Article 39).
Except for the USA and the UK, the other permanent members of the Security Council were of the view that UN inspections were working and that Iraq was complying with the order to disarm. On the orders of the UN inspectors the Saddam regime had destroyed some proscribed weapons. Hans Blix, chief United Nations weapons inspector requested four months to complete his job and the majority of the members of the Council seemed agreeable to granting this time. But the US and the UK were not supportive of any extension of time. They lobbied hard to obtain a new Council Resolution to authorize immediate military operations against Iraq. The US forged documents to accuse Iraq of trying to purchase raw materials for WMD on the international market. The UK, on its part, lacking any substantial evidence against Iraq, plagiarized from a student thesis and tried to pass off an out-of-date student essay as an authoritative intelligence report!
US and UK attempts to force a new resolution ultimately failed France, Germany, Russia and China wished to give to the inspectors the time they requested to complete their inspections.
Having failed to push a resolution through the Security Council, the US and the UK changed their tune and argued that no new resolution was needed to authorize military strikes as earlier resolutions were sufficient to allow any Council member to unilaterally use force in the event that Iraq was in material breach of its obligations.
This is the “revival argument” put forward by the Defence. Examination of some of the UNSC resolutions on Iraq between 2 August 1990 and 8 November 2002 will show that the US-UK argument of unilateral authority to invade Iraq suffers from several fatal flaws.
7.3 Pre-emptive or Anticipatory Self-defense in Customary International Law
The UN Charter nowhere permits the declaration of war on a perceived threat of imminent attack. Some scholars argue that the Charter intended to abolish the pre-Charter customary right of pre-emptive self-defense. Despite this doubt it does appear that under customary international law the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defense does exist. “According to the seminal Caroline case the legitimate exercise of this right requires “a necessity of self-defense, instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation”.
The idea that the security of US & UK was threatened by Iraq?s alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) was preposterous and is even more so today. Despite years of extremely intrusive intelligence gathering from the air and more than 550 inspections on the ground by UN inspectors in the last four months before the invasion, no credible evidence of WMD had surfaced. Some US documents alleging Iraq?s attempt to purchase proscribed weapons turned out to be crude forgeries. The UN Inspectors found no such weapons nor any long-range delivery system.
In these circumstances, the assertion by the Defence of a right to engage in unilateral and “pre–emptive attacks” on Iraq was a blatant violation of international law. Their argument sought to give to powerful states the right to use military force against other states that are seen as hostile or that make moves to acquire weapons of mass destruction whether nuclear, biological or chemical.
It is our view that the doctrine of pre-emptive strikes “is a doctrine without limits, without accountability to the UN or international law, without any dependence on a collective judgment of responsible governments and, what is worse, without any convincing demonstration of practical necessity”. It repudiates the core idea of the UN Charter that prohibits the use of force except for self-defense or pursuant to a decision of the Security Council.
7.4 Humanitarian Intervention or the Right to Protect Victims of Human Rights Abuses
The Defence gave convincing evidence of serious human rights violations by Saddam Hussein. However, they adroitly avoided admitting that both the US and UK were complicit in most of these offense.
In the light of Saddam?s brutal record, the Defence argued that the international community has the right and the duty to use military force for humanitarian purposes and for redressing gross abuses of human rights. As there was credible evidence that the unelected Saddam regime was guilty of serious human rights breaches, it was argued that military force could be used to bring about a regime change in Iraq.
We acknowledge that international law is not static. Eloquent arguments by the Defence of “Grotiun moments” in international law are taken note of. However, growth and change have to be within the four corners of the UN Charter and not outside it.
The danger of the `humanitarian intervention? argument is that it enables member states to circumvent well-established principles and procedures of the UN Charter on use of legitimate force. Decision-making on issues of peace and war is unlawfully transferred from multilateral UN mechanisms to individual states. Relying on this argument member states may transgress legal limits on use of this exceptional power and not be accountable to anyone. There is no safeguard to prevent states from manipulating this argument to serve narrow political or strategic interests.
It must also be remembered that the UN is already empowered, under Chapter VII, to respond with force if necessary to uphold the UN?s fundamental purposes, which, in Article 1 include “encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms”.
We hold that when a country takes it upon itself to displace by force of arms a government or administration that it disapproves of, this is naked aggression and an international crime. Despite some scholarly dispute which we recognize,we hold that the principle of humanitarian intervention has dubious basis. International vigilantism has no legal validity. Even if it did, it should be applied subject to the preconditions outlined by the Prosecution. None of the conditions were satisfied in this tragic situation.
7.5 Possession of WMD
An attack on Iraq because of its alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) had no legitimacy in international law.
First of all, claims regarding Iraq?s pursuit or actual possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) were always highly suspect.
Secondly, enforcement of UN resolutions against Iraq?s alleged possession of WMD should have been undertaken in accordance with international law and not in blatant disregard of it.
Thirdly, the US lacked clean hands on the issue of Iraq?s possession of WMD because along with Britain and 150 or so Western companies (listed in Iraq?s Report to the UN Inspectors), the US facilitated Iraq?s acquisition and use of WMD in the 1980s
7.6 Was there pre-planning and preparation to mount the military operation?
The Prosecution has given us convincing evidence that the drums of war were being beaten long before the invasion. Facts were fixed to support the policy.
Regrettably the Defence rebuttal was based on highly dubious US Government or US Military evidence that is not credible. US laws or Congressional Resolutions are also not acceptable as the US, with all its might has no right to change international law.
Further many statements in the books authored by the two accused implicate them in the diabolical plan. The memoirs of the two accused do not provide justification for the war of aggression against Iraq.
8. VERDICT
“The essence of legality is the principled, predictable, and consistent application of a single standard for the strong and the weak alike. Selective manipulation of international law by powerful states undermines its legitimacy.”
The 2003 invasion of Iraq was an unlawful act of aggression and an international crime. It “cannot be justified under any reasonable interpretation of international law”. It violates “the outer limits of laws regulating the use of force”. It amounts to mass murder. Unlawful use of force in Iraq “threatens to return us to a world in which the law of the jungle prevails over the rule of law, with potentially disastrous consequences for the human rights not only of the Iraqis but of people throughout the region and the world”.
The future of the UN and of the international law of war is also at stake. The unauthorized military action in Iraq undermines the system of collective security embedded in the UN Charter in order to protect humanity from a recurrence of the carnage of World War II.
The two accused took the law into their own hands. They acted with deceit and with falsehood. They acted in flagrant violation of international law of war and peace. In the absence of any convincing evidence, defence assertions lack credibility. They appear to be fig leaves for hiding naked economic and political ambitions.
We therefore find that the charge against the two accused is proved beyond reasonable doubt. The two accused are, therefore, found guilty as charged and the two accused are accordingly convicted on the charge.
9. ORDERS
1. The Tribunal in accordance with Article 31 of our Charter, recommends to the Commission to file reports with the International Criminal Court against the two accused.
2. The Tribunal in accordance with Article 32 recommends to the Commission that the name of the two convicted criminals be included in the Commission?s Register of War Criminals and publicized accordingly.
10. RECOMMENDATIONS
First, the Commission must invoke the Nuremberg law to report Bush, Blair and their accomplices for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity under Part VI of the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal.
Second, the Commission must file reports of genocide and crimes against humanity with the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Third, the General Assembly of the United Nations must be approached to pass a resolution to end the American occupation of Iraq.
Fourth, the findings of this Tribunal must be communicated to all countries that have acceded to the Rome Statute and are possessed of universal jurisdiction.
Fifth, the UN Security Council must reassert itself and ensure that true sovereignty is transferred to the Iraqi people as soon as possible with the assistance of a UN Peacekeeping Force. The autonomy of the newly installed Iraqi government must be ensured.
The Tribunal Members
Dato’ Abdul Kadir Sulaiman
Dato’ Zakaria Yatim (Recused)
Tunku Sofiah Jewa
Prof Salleh Buang
Mr Alfred Lambremont Webre
Prof Emeritus Datuk Dr Shad Saleem Faruqi
Prof Niloufer Bhagwat (Recused)
The Prosecution
Prof Gurdial S Nijar
Prof Francis Boyle
Mr Avtaran Singh
Amicus Curiae (appointed Defence team)
Mr Jason Kay
And 3 other counsels.
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AUTHOR: TSR Founder & Publisher and Strategy/Peace Negotiator with the UN Security Council Special Envoy to the Arab Nations
My gratitude to your initiative and assistance Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, fellow royals and the nation of Malaysia. It is time Humanity is given hope that there is justice that still exist. – Lady MJ
